建造 (jiàn zào) is a formal verb for physically constructing concrete structures like bridges and buildings, emphasizing the process. It is more specific and technical than the versatile 建 (jiàn), which can also mean 'to establish' abstract things (e.g., 建交). Unlike 建设 (jiàn shè), which targets large-scale systems or institutions, 建造 is limited to tangible construction.